Earth is a complex, dynamic system and is often represented by interlinking and interacting “spheres” of processes and phenomena.

The air (atmosphere), water (hydrosphere), land (geosphere) and life (biosphere) form the simplest collection, though some would add the cryosphere as a special element dealing with Polar Regions and processes, and others would add the anthroposphere emphasizing human dimensions and impact on the planet.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) Techniques as an emerging technologies can be utilized to analyze, improve prediction and take mitigatory measures of phenomenon such as floods, droughts, wildfires earthquakes and tsunamis etc.